Formal leadership perceptions about the autonomy of Pharmacy: a SWOT analysis.

INTRODUCTION: Autonomy is considered a vital principle of professionalism. In recent years, despite important advances, the Pharmacy and pharmacists' autonomy has been questioned due to conflicts that jeopardize the consolidation of this profession in the division of work in health. OBJECTIVE: to understand the construct of autonomy based on perceptions of formal leaders associated with professional organizations. METHODS: A qualitative study was conducted through interviews with key informants. The data obtained were submitted to content analysis. RESULTS: Perceptions about the autonomy in pharmaceutical practice were categorized according to strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats to this construct. CONCLUSION: The findings allowed us to understand the autonomy of pharmaceutical practice in Brazil, generate hypotheses about the future of Pharmacy, and build strategies to maintain its occupational status.

The academic formation challenges: what does retail expect from higher education institutions in pharmacy?

BACKGROUND: The drug retail represents the main area of activity for pharmacists worldwide. In Brazil, this sector is responsible for employing around 80% of professionals. Before this reality, the academic training of pharmacists requires specialized skills and knowledge so they can fulfill their tasks. In this sector, considering the influence of managers and mentors on the model of pharmaceutical practice, their perceptions about the demands of the market can help discussions related to the training of pharmacists. AIM: To analyze the academic training of pharmacists for the drug retail market from the perspective of managers and mentors. METHOD: This is a qualitative study conducted with managers and mentors of the drug retail market. A semi-structured interview guide was prepared and applied to the intentionally selected participants. The study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee under the number 4,169,752. The interviews were conducted through videoconference by an experienced researcher. The data obtained were analyzed using Bardin's analysis technique, following the steps of categorical thematic content analysis using the ATLAS.ti software. RESULTS: 19 interviews were carried out. Among the reports, the interviewees highlighted the importance of retail in the employability of pharmacists, as well as inconsistency in the academic training for this sector, originating the following categories: curriculum reform to include the market demands, follow-up and career plan, training for entrepreneurship and sales, practical application of knowledge, and encouragement of experience. CONCLUSION: Pharmaceutical academic training is linked to several challenges, whether organizational, structural, or budgetary. To overcome these challenges, it is necessary to unite the interested parties in the formulation and implementation of a strategy for the professionalization of pharmacists, considering their social role in patient care, aligned with the company's sustainability, so that both coexist.

Perceptions of formal pharmacy leadership on the social role of the profession and its historical evolution: A qualitative study.

Background: In recent years, pharmaceutical professionalism has been questioned due to the social role of pharmacy, which is ambiguous in the literature. This raises questions about the purpose of the profession among pharmacists, despite the efforts of their professional organizations and formal leaders to consolidate the occupational status of the profession. Objective: To understand the social role of pharmacy in Brazil through its historical evolution based on the perceptions of formal leaders of the profession. Methods: A qualitative study was conducted between July 2020 and February 2021 with pharmacists who held leadership positions in formal and professional pharmacy organizations in Brazil. The data obtained from the interviews were submitted to content analysis. Results: A total of 17 pharmacists participated in this study. The data analyzed presented perceptions about the social role of the pharmaceutical profession in Brazil, which promotes access to health through different means. These include the manager pharmacist, who facilitates access to public health policies; the caring pharmacist, who promotes health education and the rational use of medicines; and the technologist pharmacist, who researches, develops, and promotes access to safe and cost-effective medicines. The interviewees also discussed the evolution of this social role based on influential factors such as legislation, clinical movement, pharmaceutical education, labor market, behaviors, and attitudes of pharmacists. Conclusion: In this study, pharmaceutical professionalism was conceptualized based on its social role, which should be centered on the patient. Understanding such issues is part of the evolutionary purpose of the profession in Brazil and should be encouraged in the behaviors and attitudes of pharmacists despite the challenges faced by the profession.

"Reigns but does not govern": A reflection on professionalism and the autonomy of the pharmacist.

INTRODUCTION: In recent decades, the professionalization of pharmacy has been debated worldwide. With the advent of industrialization, pharmacist autonomy has weakened, especially in the retail pharmacy market. Manegers and mentors of pharmacy chains serve as links between the profession and drug users. This study sought to understand the perceptions of retail pharmacy stakeholders regarding pharmacist autonomy and how to improve it, and to reflect on theories of professionalism. METHOD: 19 semi-structured interviews were conducted. The interviews were transcribed and analyzed through analyst triangulation and categorical content analysis, using the ATLAS.ti software. RESULTS: Interviews were conducted with nine mentors and ten managers in retail medicine. They reported aspects related to managerial and technical autonomy regulated by law, and strategies for enhancing professional autonomy in retail pharmacy. Autonomy was considered limited by pharmacists' dependence on employability and self-devaluation; and market control exposed the weaknesses in pharmaceutical professionalism. Entrepreneurship and ownership attitude strategies were feasible only in a retail micro-political context. CONCLUSION: The retail medicine continues to have business model centered on the product and controlling the pharmaceutical practice model. To ensure autonomy and professional strengthening, it is necessary that pharmacy recognizes itself as a clinical profession and develops a stable professional identity.

Percepção de pacientes sobre sua relação com médicos / Perception of patients on their relations with physicians / Percepción de los pacientes sobre su relación con los médicos

Resumo A comunicação adequada é fundamental para a relação médico-paciente e para melhorar a qualidade dos atendimentos. Diante disso, o objetivo deste estudo foi conhecer a percepção de 200 pacientes na cidade de Aracaju/SE sobre sua relação com os médicos. Trata-se de estudo exploratório, transversal, descritivo e quantitativo, com aplicação de questionário. A amostra foi composta majoritariamente por adultos jovens, do sexo feminino (71,5%), solteiros (50%), sem nível superior (47,5%), atendidos principalmente em hospitais da rede pública (26,5%). Um ambiente favorável para a boa relação médico-paciente depende não apenas da infraestrutura clínico-hospitalar, mas também da habilidade comunicativa dos profissionais. Quanto à relação com os médicos, a maioria relatou estar satisfeita (86%) e confiar nos profissionais (84%). A privacidade do paciente também foi respeitada na maioria dos casos.

Abstract Communicating properly is fundamental to improve physician-patient relations and the quality of health care. Considering this, the current study analyzed the perception of 200 patients in Aracaju/SE, Brazil, on their relations with physicians. This is an exploratory, cross-sectional, descriptive and quantitative study with the application of a questionnaire. The sample was composed of young adults, females (71.5%), single (50.0%), without higher education (47.5%) and mainly attended in public hospitals (26.5%). A favorable environment for a good physician-patient relationship concerns not only the hospital infrastructure, but also the communication skills of health professionals. Regarding the relationship with physicians, most patients are satisfied (86%) and declared trust in the professionals (84%). Patient privacy was respected in most cases.

Resumen La comunicación adecuada es fundamental para la relación médico-paciente y para mejorar la calidad de la atención. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo conocer la percepción de 200 pacientes en la ciudad de Aracaju, capital del estado de Sergipe, Brasil, sobre su relación con los médicos. Se trata de un estudio exploratorio, transversal, descriptivo y cuantitativo, con aplicación de un cuestionario. La muestra estuvo formada mayoritariamente por adultos jóvenes, del sexo femenino (71,5%), solteros (50%), sin nivel superior (47,5%), atendidos principalmente en hospitales de la red pública (26,5%). Un ambiente favorable para la buena relación médico-paciente depende no solo de la infraestructura clínico-hospitalaria, sino también de la habilidad comunicativa de los profesionales. En cuanto a la relación con los médicos, la mayoría relató estar satisfecha (86%) y confiar en los profesionales (84%). También se respetó la privacidad del paciente en la mayoría de los casos.

Conhecimento sobre ética médica e resolução de conflitos na graduação / Knowledge about medical ethics and conflict resolution during undergraduate courses / Conocimiento sobre ética médica y resolución de conflictos en la carrera de grado

Resumo Estudo quantitativo transversal descritivo que tem o objetivo de avaliar a percepção do graduando em medicina sobre a importância do ensino da ética médica e mensurar seu conhecimento sobre a temática em universidade pública do Nordeste brasileiro. Por meio de questionário aplicado a 230 estudantes foi possível avaliar deficiências provocadas pela ausência do ensino formal da ética médica e discutir a necessidade de abordagens diversificadas do tema durante a graduação. Resultados mostram maior taxa de acertos entre graduandos que cursaram ao menos uma disciplina sobre ética médica, mas índice insatisfatório em ambos os grupos. Um terço dos discentes que não tiveram contato com a temática revelaram não se sentir prejudicados por essa lacuna e 25,6% da amostra sequer valorizou a importância do tema em relação a outras disciplinas da graduação. Assim, torna-se necessário rever as estratégias do ensino médico para garantir melhores profissionais no futuro.

Abstract This descriptive cross-sectional study aimed to evaluate the medical student's perception of the importance of medical ethics being taught and to measure their knowledge about the subject in a public university in the Northeast of Brazil. Through a questionnaire, applied to 230 undergraduates, it was possible to evaluate deficits caused by the absence of formal medical ethics education and to discuss the need for diversified approaches to the subject during graduation. Results show a higher rate of correct answers among undergraduates who attended at least one discipline on medical ethics; whereas they indicated an unsatisfactory rate of success in both groups. One third of the undergraduates who did not have contact with the subject revealed that they did not feel put at a disadvantaged by this gap, and 25.6% of the sample did not value the importance of the subject in comparison to other undergraduate subjects. Therefore, it is necessary to review medical education strategies to ensure better professionals in the future.

Resumen Estudio cuantitativo transversal descriptivo que tiene el objetivo de evaluar la percepción del estudiante de medicina sobre la importancia de la enseñanza de la ética médica y mensurar su conocimiento sobre la temática en una universidad pública del Nordeste brasileño. A través de un cuestionario aplicado a 230 estudiantes fue posible evaluar las deficiencias provocadas por la ausencia de la enseñanza formal de la ética médica y discutir la necesidad de abordajes diversificados del tema durante el grado. Los resultados muestran una mayor tasa de aciertos entre los estudiantes que cursaron al menos una disciplina sobre ética médica, pero un índice insatisfactorio en ambos grupos. Un tercio de los estudiantes que no tuvieron contacto con la temática revelaron no sentirse perjudicados por esa laguna, y el 25.6% de la muestra ni siquiera valora la importancia del tema en relación con otras disciplinas de la carrera. Así, se hace necesario revisar las estrategias de la formación médica para garantizar mejores profesionales en el futuro.

Conhecimento sobre cuidados paliativos entre médicos residentes de hospital universitário / Knowledge of palliative care among residents of a university hospital / Conocimiento sobre cuidados paliativos entre médicos residentes de un hospital universitário

Resumo Embora possam ser aplicados em diversas situações além das neoplasias, os cuidados paliativos nem sempre encontram respaldo técnico e científico por parte dos médicos. Por meio de pesquisa exploratória, descritiva, transversal e de abordagem quantitativa, objetivou-se avaliar o conhecimento sobre cuidados paliativos entre médicos residentes do Hospital Universitário da Universidade Federal de Sergipe. Para isso, foi criado um questionário a partir dos instrumentos da literatura. O perfil da amostra foi composto predominantemente por mulheres (67%), profissionais com até 29 anos (59%) e até quatro anos de formados (60%). A maioria dos médicos (78%) afirmou não ter recebido informações suficientes sobre cuidados paliativos durante a graduação. Após análise de todas as questões, apenas 7% da amostra apresentou avaliação excelente (acerto em mais de 80% das questões).

Abstract Although palliative care can be applied in different situations besides neoplasias, it does not always find technical and scientific support from physicians. Thus, the objective was to evaluate the knowledge regarding palliative care among these professionals. Through an exploratory, descriptive, transversal and quantitative approach, the objective was to evaluate the knowledge about palliative care among physicians residing at the Federal University of Sergipe Hospital. For this, a questionnaire was created based on instruments from literature. The sample profile consisted predominantly of women (67%), professionals up to 29 years (59%), and up to four years since graduation (60%). Most physicians (78%) stated that they had not received enough information about palliative care during graduation. After analyzing all the questions, only 7% of the sample presented an excellent evaluation (accuracy in more than 80% of the questions).

Resumen Aunque puedan ser aplicados en diversas situaciones, además de las neoplasias, los cuidados paliativos no siempre encuentran respaldo técnico y científico por parte de los médicos. Por medio de una investigación exploratoria, descriptiva, transversal y de abordaje cuantitativo, se procuró evaluar el conocimiento sobre cuidados paliativos entre médicos residentes del Hospital Universitario de la Universidad Federal de Sergipe. Para ello, se creó un cuestionario a partir de los instrumentos de la bibliografía. El perfil de la muestra estuvo compuesto predominantemente por mujeres (67%), profesionales con hasta 29 años (59%), y con hasta cuatro años de graduados (60%). La mayoría de los médicos (78%) afirmaron que no recibieron información suficiente sobre los cuidados paliativos durante la formación de grado. Luego del análisis de todas las preguntas, sólo el 7% de la muestra presentó una evaluación excelente (con aciertos en más del 80% de las preguntas).

Perceived barriers to the implementation of clinical pharmacy services in a metropolis in Northeast Brazil.

BACKGROUND: CLinical pharmacy services (CPS) are professional services provided by pharmacists, who use their skills and knowledge to take an active role in patient health. These services have expanded in health systems around the world. However, it is important to have a comprehensive understanding of factors that may hinder the implementation of CPS in health systems. OBJECTIVE: To identify pharmacists' and managers' perceptions of barriers regarding the implementation of CPS in some public health units in a metropolis in Northeast Brazil. METHODS: This is a qualitative study based on focus groups and semi-structured, face-to-face, in-depth interviews. Participants were health-system pharmacists and managers, selected based on their direct participation in the implementation process. Focus groups were carried out with the pharmacists, and interviews were carried out with managers. The audio and videos were transcribed verbatim in full, and were independently analyzed using content analysis. This study was approved by the Brazilian Committee of Ethics in Research and all participants signed informed consent forms. FINDINGS: There were two focus groups and five interviews. The discussions generated 240 minutes of recordings. The health-system pharmacists and managers expressed barriers were allocated into five categories to facilitate a comprehensive understanding of the implementation of CPS; these barriers were related to: the local healthcare networks, the healthcare team, the pharmacists, the implementation process, and the patients. CONCLUSIONS: This study revealed the perceptions of barriers associated with the participants involved in the implementation of CPS in some public health units in a metropolis in Northeast Brazil. The barriers reflect the challenges to be overcome in the CPS implementation process in the health systems.

Facilitators and strategies to implement clinical pharmacy services in a metropolis in Northeast Brazil: a qualitative approach.

BACKGROUND: Clinical Pharmacy Services (CPS) are a reality in many health systems around the world. However, there are few studies that discuss the facilitators and the strategies to implement CPS in healthcare systems. In this way, the objective of this study was to identify the facilitators and strategies involved in the CPS implementation process in some public health units in a metropolis in the Northeast Brazil. METHODS: A qualitative study was carried out with health-system pharmacists and managers who experienced the implementation of CPS. Therefore, focus groups were conducted with pharmacists, and the interviews with the managers. The discussions were carried out through semi-structured scripts and were recorded in audio and videos, after the signature of the consent form. The recordings were transcribed and analyzed independently through content analysis, followed by consensus meetings between researchers. RESULTS: Two focus groups were conducted, with an average of seven pharmacists per group, and five interviews with local health managers. Participants reported 39 facilitators who were related to the categories: local healthcare network, healthcare team, pharmacists and implementation process of the CPS. And 21 strategies attributed to the following categories: local healthcare network, pharmacists and implementation process of the CPS. CONCLUSIONS: This study identified facilitators and strategies of the implementation of CPS. Most of the positive experiences were related to the clinical skills and proactive attitudes of pharmacists. These findings may support pharmacists and health managers to implement CPS in health systems.